Philosophy of Science

Philosophy of science examines the nature, methods, and foundational principles of scientific inquiry. It delves into questions related to the structure of scientific theories, the criteria for scientific explanation, the demarcation between science and pseudoscience, and the relationship between observation and theory. Philosophers of science explore issues such as induction, causation, and the limits of scientific knowledge, aiming to enhance our understanding of the underlying philosophical assumptions and implications of scientific practice. Philosophy of social sciences focuses on the same problems concerning the scientific disciplines which take as their subject matter human acting and thinking, individually or collectively.

Philosophy of Action

The problem of action – when one’s doing counts as genuinely one’s own – is a problem as old as the questions of ethics. In 20th century philosophy of action, it is posed as the problem of distinguishing between mere happenings and intentional actions. The question is first posed in these terms in Wittgenstein’s famous remark: “What is left over if I subtract the fact that my arm goes up from the fact that I raise my arm?” (Philosophical Investigations, § 621) Some answer this question by developing accounts of event or agent causation and others by developing accounts of practical knowledge and reasoning.

Political Science and Political Theory

Political Science studies the political field of society, so it focuses on the theory and practice of institutions (government and politics) at micro and macro levels (local, state, national, and international). The organization and functioning of the relationship between state and society, which can be translated into the role of political institutions and social networks, constitute the field in which arise the observation and the evaluation of political science. This evaluation is related with the subfield of political theory which approaches the study of power and justice by conjoining normative theory (reflection on political values). Political Theory studies the history of political thought and the issues of contemporary political life having a philosophical aspect.  

NORMATIVITY will draw on aspects of political science, the case of polls, to examine whether the latter captures or shapes public opinion via theoretical analysis of the samples